　　Joy andsadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the -考呗网

专八

单选题　　Joy andsadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how canwe tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that theexpression of many emotions may be universal．Smiling is apparently a universalsign of friendliness and approval．Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as notedby Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger．As the originator of the theory of evolution ,Darwin believed that theuniversal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value．Forexample, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends)in the absence of language．
　　Mostinvestigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotionsin a people．Moreover ,people in diverse cultures recognize the emotionsmanifested by the facial expressions．In classic research Paul Ekman tookphotographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear,happiness, and sadness．He then asked people around the world to indicate whatemotions were being depicted in them．Those queried ranged from European collegestudents to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guineahighlands．All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact withWestern culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions．The Fore also displayedfamiliar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were thecharacters in stories that called for basic emotional responses．Ekman and hiscolleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of
　　tencultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotionswere shown by facial expressions ．The participants generally agreed on whichtwo emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense．
　　Psychologicalresearchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotionalstates．In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns ofelectrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain．The facial-feedbackhypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions ．andfacial expressions can also work in the opposite direction．According to thishypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback,) are sent back toemotion centers of the brain, and so a person's facial expression can influencethat person's emotional state ．Consider Darwin's words: "The freeexpression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it, On the other hand ,therepression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens ouremotions．" Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example,and frowning to anger?
　　Psychologicalresearch has given rise to some interesting findings concerning thefacial-feedback hypothesis ．Causing participants in experiments to smile, forexample, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons(humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous．When theyarc caused to frown ,they rate cartoons as being more aggressive．
　　What arethe possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal,which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism．Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear,heightens arousal．Self-perception of heightened arousal: then leads toheightened emotional activity．Other links may involve changes in brain temperatureand the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses．)The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional stateand reflectsit．Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which ischaracterized by "crow's feet" wrinkles around Lheeyes and a subtledrop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightlytoward the eye ball,can lead to pleasant feelings．
　　Ekman'sobservation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upperlip" as a recommendation for handling stress．It might be that a"stiff" lip suppresses emotional response--as long as the lip is notquivering with fear or tension．But when the emotion that loads to stiffeningthe lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedbackmay heighten emotional response．______．
　　根据以上内容，回答题。
Theword "despondent" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to

A．curious
B．sad
C．elated
D．skeptical

参考答案：B进入在线模考

【结构分析】
第一段指出不同文化的人都有相似的表达心情的面部表情，迭尔文相信这种对面部表情的普遍认同具有重大的现实意义。
第二段阐述了两项调查，结果证明拥有不同文化背景的人都能够通过面部表情判断出彼此的心情。
第三段和第四段阐述了面部表情反馈假说。心理学家认为心情影响面部表情，反过来面部表情也会影响心情，二者是相互影响、相互制约的关系。
第五段指出刺激、改变大脑温度和释放神经传递素都是连接心情与面部表情的纽带。最后一段再次举例说明心情和面部表情可以相互作用。
【试题解析】
本题的出题点在问句处。第一段第一句说世界所有文化中的人都会有快乐(joy)和悲伤(sadness)，但是我们怎么才能知道其他人是快乐的(happy)还是despondent呢?可将两对单词对应来看，从而推断出despondent应是“悲伤的”之意，为形容词，故选B。

你可能感兴趣的试题

1 　　Which of the following statements would Darwin NOT agree with?

A．Facial expressions can only reflect emotional states．
B．Facial expressions may help people survive．
C．Baring the teeth means the same to people all over the world．
D．Humanemotions that were not expressed would become less intensive．

点击查看答案进入在线模考

2 　　Accordingto Paragraph 2, the Fore people______．

A．knewlittle about Western culture
B．showed distinctive facial expressions
C．werefamous for their solitude
D．hadnever been taken photographs of before

点击查看答案进入在线模考

3 　　According to the facial-feedback hypothesis,______．

A．thereis no link between emotions and facial expressions
B．people's facial expressions can only reflect their emotional states
C．people's emotional states cannot be influenced by their facial expressions
D．thecausal link between emotions and facial expressions is bidirectional

点击查看答案进入在线模考