综上可知,语音学是资格证语言学的必考点,其考点细、具体、灵活,需要考生完全理解其知识点,能够灵活应用理论知识解决具体问题,做到融会贯通;
③音系学。音系学研究的是某一特定语言的语音体系,即音在特定的语言中是如何结合产生有意义的单位来进行交际。音系学相关知识也是语言学常识的一个高频考点,往年出现真题如下:
Which of the following consonant clusters may NOT serve as the beginning of
a word?___D____
A. /spr/ B. /skw/ C. /str/ D. /swt/
The phrase “in bed” is pronounced as __B__ in real speech.
A. /in’bed/ B. /im’bed/ C. /’inbəd/ D./’imbəd/
The phoneme /n/ in the first word of all the following phrases changes to /m/ EXCEPT .
A. open book B. open marker C. brown paper D. brown hat
相较语音学,音系学知识点的识记繁琐程度要低,考生们只要能记住其相关基本概念即可,具体罗列如下:
音位对立(Phonemic contrast):如果两个音位(phonemes)可以出现在相同的语音环境中,且具有区别语义的功能,那么它们就形成了音位对立(different or distinctive phonemes are in phonemic contrast), 如tip和dip中的/t/和/d/。
互补分布(complementrary distribution):体现的是同一音位不同音位变体(allophones)从不出现在相同的位置上,且没有区别意义的功能(allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution. They don’t distinguish meaning. They occur in different phonetic contexts)。如top中送气的[th]和stop中不送气的[t]的关系是互补关系。[th]不能出现在[s]后,而[t] 也不能出现在词首。
最小对立体(minimal pairs):指的是在同一位置上只有一词之差的一对词(When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair)。如tip/dip,pig/dig;pen/和ben.
音位规则:
1. 序列规则(sequential rule)
英语中的三辅音连缀需遵守以下序列规则:第一个音位必须是/s/,第二个音位必须是: /p/ 或 /t/或 /k/,第三个音位必须是:/l/ 或 /r/ 或 /w/,如splendid, stragight;
2. 同化规则(Assimilation rule)
英语语音中的同化规则如下,①由浊辅音转为清辅音(voiced-voiceless);②由齿龈音[n]的发音常受到后面辅音的影响,[n]后辅音如果是双唇音时要同化为[m],如ten minutes[tem’minits], [t]-[p],如right place [raip place],[d]-[b],如good-bye[gub bai];③[s]+[j] this year, [z]+[j]-如where’s yours,/t/+/j/-/tʃ/如last year; /d/+/j/-如/dʒ/.
3.Deletion rule(省略规则)
如当一个单词以鼻音结尾,而在这个鼻音前存在一个[g],那么这个[g]不发音,如sign, design, paradigm等
4. 4.形态学:形态学研究词汇的内部结构以及构词法则,其考查的知识点较常规,难度相对低,考生只要掌握形态学包含的基本概念即可,如词素(morpheme),自由词素(free morpheme)、黏着词素(bound morpheme)、曲折词素(inflectional morpheme),英语构词法。要求考生能在理解概念的基础上能灵活根据给定单词识别其相应词素量或识别其构词方式,如The word “chronology” contains morphemes.(2012初中英语)
A. four B. three C. two D. five
5. 语义学:语义学研究词与词、句子与句子之间的关系;语义学也是考查重点,如2012年真题The lexical relation between damp and moist is ___A____. (2012初中)
A. synonymy B. antonymy C. hyponymy D. homonymy
2015年真题Which of the following is an entailment of the utterance “Annie broke the window”? ____C___
A. Annie was careless. B. Annie was disruptive
C. Annie did something to the window. D. It was Annie who broke the window.
现将语义关系系统梳理,就词与词之间的关系而言,存在如下关系:
①同义关系(synonymy);其又可细分为方言同义(dialectal synonyms)如lift & elevator;