公共英语四级
单选题根据下面资料，回答题
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British natural-ist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. (51)_____
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropology--the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefsthus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work,he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.
(52) _____
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas develop oped a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particuladsm, which em-phasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. (53) _____
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.
(54) _____
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American an-thropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropolo-gists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theoryof culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. (55) _____
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to rein-force social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture be-came a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
A． Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single ori-gin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
B． In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguis-tics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and a-natomy.
C． He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
D．They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people´ s social structure,such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children´ s entrance into adulthood.
E． Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of mar-riage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
F． Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
G． For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J. Perry incorrectly sugges-ted, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
第51题选
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British natural-ist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. (51)_____
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropology--the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefsthus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work,he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.
(52) _____
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas develop oped a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particuladsm, which em-phasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. (53) _____
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.
(54) _____
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American an-thropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropolo-gists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theoryof culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. (55) _____
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to rein-force social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture be-came a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
A． Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single ori-gin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
B． In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguis-tics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and a-natomy.
C． He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
D．They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people´ s social structure,such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children´ s entrance into adulthood.
E． Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of mar-riage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
F． Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
G． For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J. Perry incorrectly sugges-ted, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
第51题选
参考答案：C进入在线模考
参考译文
英国博物学家查尔斯·达尔文于19世纪60年代提出了开创性的生物进化理论。与之不谋而合的是，英国社会哲学家赫伯特·斯宾塞也提出了自己的生物文化进化论。斯宾塞认为，包括人类社会在内的世间一切现象，都随时间的变化而变化并逐步趋向完美。他认为，人类进化的特征是他称为“适者生存”的竞争，在此过程中，较弱的种族和社会最终一定会被更强的、更先进的种族和社会所取代。
美国社会科学家刘易斯·亨利·摩根于19世纪末提出了另一种文化进化论。摩根协助创立了现代人类学，即对人类社会、习俗和信仰的科学研究，因而成为最早的人类学家之一。摩根在其著作中试图说明，在社会的进化过程中，文化的各个方面是如何同步产生变化的。因此，在他看来：文化的各个方面，比如家庭结构、婚姻形式、亲属关系类别、财产所有权、政府形式、技术和食品生产体系，都会随着社会的进化而变化。
20世纪初，生于德国的美籍人类学家弗朗茨·博厄斯在北美提出了一种被称为“历史特殊主义理论”的新文化理论。该理论强调所有文化的独特性，为人类学的研究指出了新方向。其他的人类学家认为文化创新，诸如发明创造，具有单一的起源，并会从一个社会传播到另一个社会。这种理论叫文化传播论。
博厄斯认为任何社会的文化都必须被理解为一种独特历史的产物，而不是同属于某一个更加广泛的进化阶段或者文化类型的众多文化中的一种。为了尽可能全面地研究特定的文化，博厄斯钻研并精通了语言学(对语言的研究)和体质人类学(对人类生物学和解剖学的研究)。
历史特殊主义理论成为了美国人类学中文化研究的主导性研究方法，很大程度上是由于受到了博厄斯众多学生的影响。但是二十世纪初期，也有许多人类学家反对特殊主义理论学家的文化理论转而赞同文化传播论。有些人类学家认为几乎每一项重要的文化成就都归功于几个特别具有天赋的民族的发明创造。根据文化传播论者的看法，随后，这些发明会被传播到其他文化当中去。例如，英国人类学家格拉夫顿·艾略特·史密斯和W·J·佩里基于并不充足的研究资料而提出了错误的说法，农耕、制陶以及冶金均发源于古埃及，然后向全世界传播。事实上，所有这些文化的发展都是于不同时期分别出现在世界许多不同地区的。
同样在20世纪初，法国社会学家艾米尔·迪尔凯姆提出了一种会对人类学有极大影响的文化理论。迪尔凯姆认为宗教信仰具有加强社会团结的功能。对社会职能和文化之间关系的兴趣成为欧洲，尤其是英国人类学领域的一大主题。
答案及解析
本题是顺接关系题。该空格位于第一段末尾。空格前面提到了斯宾塞的生物文化进化论，并指出其观点是世间一切现象都随时间而变化并逐步趋向完美。空格后面的内容即第二段的起始句则介绍了摩根的理论。从段落主题的一致性及语篇的发展模式来看，要填入的内容，也应当与前面提到的斯宾塞或其理论相关。浏览各选项，只有C、E两项提到了进化论，体现在词汇“evolution”和“evolve”上。而E选项中出现了新信息“di-verse aspects of culture”，与该段主题不一致，故将其排除。C选项则进一步补充说明了斯宾塞的理论。
英国博物学家查尔斯·达尔文于19世纪60年代提出了开创性的生物进化理论。与之不谋而合的是，英国社会哲学家赫伯特·斯宾塞也提出了自己的生物文化进化论。斯宾塞认为，包括人类社会在内的世间一切现象，都随时间的变化而变化并逐步趋向完美。他认为，人类进化的特征是他称为“适者生存”的竞争，在此过程中，较弱的种族和社会最终一定会被更强的、更先进的种族和社会所取代。
美国社会科学家刘易斯·亨利·摩根于19世纪末提出了另一种文化进化论。摩根协助创立了现代人类学，即对人类社会、习俗和信仰的科学研究，因而成为最早的人类学家之一。摩根在其著作中试图说明，在社会的进化过程中，文化的各个方面是如何同步产生变化的。因此，在他看来：文化的各个方面，比如家庭结构、婚姻形式、亲属关系类别、财产所有权、政府形式、技术和食品生产体系，都会随着社会的进化而变化。
20世纪初，生于德国的美籍人类学家弗朗茨·博厄斯在北美提出了一种被称为“历史特殊主义理论”的新文化理论。该理论强调所有文化的独特性，为人类学的研究指出了新方向。其他的人类学家认为文化创新，诸如发明创造，具有单一的起源，并会从一个社会传播到另一个社会。这种理论叫文化传播论。
博厄斯认为任何社会的文化都必须被理解为一种独特历史的产物，而不是同属于某一个更加广泛的进化阶段或者文化类型的众多文化中的一种。为了尽可能全面地研究特定的文化，博厄斯钻研并精通了语言学(对语言的研究)和体质人类学(对人类生物学和解剖学的研究)。
历史特殊主义理论成为了美国人类学中文化研究的主导性研究方法，很大程度上是由于受到了博厄斯众多学生的影响。但是二十世纪初期，也有许多人类学家反对特殊主义理论学家的文化理论转而赞同文化传播论。有些人类学家认为几乎每一项重要的文化成就都归功于几个特别具有天赋的民族的发明创造。根据文化传播论者的看法，随后，这些发明会被传播到其他文化当中去。例如，英国人类学家格拉夫顿·艾略特·史密斯和W·J·佩里基于并不充足的研究资料而提出了错误的说法，农耕、制陶以及冶金均发源于古埃及，然后向全世界传播。事实上，所有这些文化的发展都是于不同时期分别出现在世界许多不同地区的。
同样在20世纪初，法国社会学家艾米尔·迪尔凯姆提出了一种会对人类学有极大影响的文化理论。迪尔凯姆认为宗教信仰具有加强社会团结的功能。对社会职能和文化之间关系的兴趣成为欧洲，尤其是英国人类学领域的一大主题。
答案及解析
本题是顺接关系题。该空格位于第一段末尾。空格前面提到了斯宾塞的生物文化进化论，并指出其观点是世间一切现象都随时间而变化并逐步趋向完美。空格后面的内容即第二段的起始句则介绍了摩根的理论。从段落主题的一致性及语篇的发展模式来看，要填入的内容，也应当与前面提到的斯宾塞或其理论相关。浏览各选项，只有C、E两项提到了进化论，体现在词汇“evolution”和“evolve”上。而E选项中出现了新信息“di-verse aspects of culture”，与该段主题不一致，故将其排除。C选项则进一步补充说明了斯宾塞的理论。
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