专四
It is generally agreed that the first true cities appeared about 5,000 years ago in the food-producing communities of the Middle East．The cities of Sumeria, E．gypt and the Indus Valley possessed a number of characteristics which distinguished them a truly urban area．The cities were very much larger and more densely populated than any previous settlement, and their function was clearly differentiated from that of the surrounding villages．In the cities the old patterns of kinship relations were replaced by a complex, hierarchy of social classes based on the specialization of labor．Moreover, the need to keep records led to the development of writing and arithmetic, and the increased sophistication of urban society gave a new impetus to artistic expression of every kind．
When the basis of city life was established in Europe and the urban tradition was drown from the ancient cities of the Middle East via the civilizations of Greece and Rome, we can trace three main phases in the growth of the West European city．The first of these is the medieval phase, which extends from the beginning of the 1lth century A．D．to about 1500．The second is the renaissance and Baroque phase which can be traced from about 1500 to the beginning of the 19th century．The third is the modem phase, extending from the early 19th century to the present day．
Every medieval city began as a small settlement which grew up round a geographical or cultural focal point．
This would often be a permanent structure such as a stronghold, a cathedral or a large church．In districts where travel and trade were well established, it might be a market, a river crossing, or a place where two or more trade routes met．In studies of urban geography other oldest part of a town is referred to as the nuclear settlement．There are many small towns in Europe where it is still, possible to trace the outline of the original nuclear settlement．It is, of course, much more difficult to do this in the case if a large modem city which has grown to many times its original size．
The ancient cities were characterized by all the following EXCEPT __________
A．larger populations
B．different locations
C．different roles
D．different social classes
首段介绍了人类历史上第一批城市的特征。
第二段介绍了西欧城市发展的三个阶段。
最后一段指出，中世纪城市是围绕一个地理或文化中心发展起来的。
【试题解析】
B。本题需要根据选项一一定位原文作出判断。根据题干信息词The ancient cities和characterized将答案锁定在文章首段第二、三、四句。根据原文的The cities were very much larger and more densely populated…，排除A；由原文的their function was clearly differentiated from…排除C，其中role同义转述了function，根据原文的…a complex hierarchy of social classes based on the specialization of labor排除D。只有B项不属于古代城市的特征，故选B。
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A．writing
B．arithmetic
C．art expression
D．agriculture
A．West European cities established their own urban tradition．
B．West European cities grew directly out of those in the Middle East．
C．Cities appeared earlier in the Middle East than in Greece and Rome．
D．West European and Middle East cities went through the same phases．
A．A town hall．
B．A vegetable garden．
C．A local cafeteria．
D．A farm．
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