专八
单选题 Jan Hendrik Schon's success seemed too good to be true, and it was．In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laboratories, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers—ne every 16 days, which astonished his colleagues,
and made them suspicious．When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers--which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature--the jig was up．In October 2002, a Bell Labs investigation found that Schon had falsified and fabricated data．His career as a scientist was finished.
If it sounds a lot like the fall of Hwang Woo Suk--the South Korean researcher who fabricated his evidence about cloning human cells--it is．Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of hubris and comeuppance．Afterwards, colleagues wring their hands and wonder how such malfeasance can be avoided in the future．But it never is entirely．Science is built on the honor system; the method of peer-review, in which manuscripts arc evaluated by experts in the field, is not meant to catch cheats．In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success．The questions raised anew by Hwang's fall are whether Nature and Science have become too powerful as arbiters of what science reaches the public, and whether the journals are up to their task asgate keepers.
Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals．Physicists have Physical Review Letters; cell biologists have Cell; neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth．Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry．As a result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the crop of new science papers．And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists．Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals．Publication in specialized journals will win the accolades of academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications.
Scientists are also trying to reach other scientists through Science and Nature, not just the public．Scientists tend to pay more attention to the Big Two than to other journals．When more scientists know about a particular paper, they're more apt to cite it in their own papers．Being oft-cited will increase a scientist's "Impact Factor", a measure of how often papers are cited by peers．Funding agencies use the Impact Factor as a rough measure of theinfluence of scientists they're considering supporting.
Whcther the clamor to appear in these journals has any bearing on their ability to catch fraud is another matter.The fact is that fraud is terrifically hard to spot．Consider the process Science used to evaluate Hwang's 2005article．Science editors recognized the manuscript's import almost as soon as it arrived．As part of the standardprocedure, they sent it to two members of its Board of Reviewing Editors, who recommended that it go out for peerreview (about 30 percent of manuscripts pass this test)．This recommendation was made not on the scientificvalidity of the paper, but on its "novelty, originality, and trendiness," says Denis Duboule, a geneticist at theUniversity of Geneva and a member of Science's Board of Reviewing Editors, in the January 6 issue of Science.
After this, Science sent the paper to three stem-cell experts, who had a week to look it over．Their commentswere favorable．How were they to know that the data was fraudulent? "You look at the data and do not assume it'sfraud," says one reviewer, anonymously, in Science.
In the end, a big scandal now and then isn't likely to do much damage to the big scientific journals．Whateditors and scientists worry about more arc the myriad smaller infractions that occur all the time, and which arcatmost impossible to dctcct．A Nature survey of scientists published last June found that one-third of allrespondents had committed some forms of misconduct．Tbesc included falsifying research data and having"questionable relationships" with students and subjects--both charges "leveled against Hwang．Nobody reallyknows if this kind of fraud is on tbe rise, but it is worrying.
Science editors don't have any plans to change the basic editorial peer-review process as a result of the Hwangscandal．They do have plans to scrutinize photographs more closely in an effort to spot instances of fraud, but thatpolicy change had akcady been decided when the scandal struck．And even if it had been in place, it would nothave revealed that Hwang had misrepresented photographs from two stem cell colonies as coming from 11colonies．With the financial and deadline pressures of the publishing industry, it's unlikely that the journals are going to take markedly stronger measures to vet m_anuscripts．Beyond replicating the experiments themselves,which would be impractical, it's difficult to see what they could do to make science beyond the honor system.
根据以上内容，回答题。
Which of the following can be inferred fi'om the passage?
and made them suspicious．When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers--which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature--the jig was up．In October 2002, a Bell Labs investigation found that Schon had falsified and fabricated data．His career as a scientist was finished.
If it sounds a lot like the fall of Hwang Woo Suk--the South Korean researcher who fabricated his evidence about cloning human cells--it is．Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of hubris and comeuppance．Afterwards, colleagues wring their hands and wonder how such malfeasance can be avoided in the future．But it never is entirely．Science is built on the honor system; the method of peer-review, in which manuscripts arc evaluated by experts in the field, is not meant to catch cheats．In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success．The questions raised anew by Hwang's fall are whether Nature and Science have become too powerful as arbiters of what science reaches the public, and whether the journals are up to their task asgate keepers.
Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals．Physicists have Physical Review Letters; cell biologists have Cell; neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth．Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry．As a result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the crop of new science papers．And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists．Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals．Publication in specialized journals will win the accolades of academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications.
Scientists are also trying to reach other scientists through Science and Nature, not just the public．Scientists tend to pay more attention to the Big Two than to other journals．When more scientists know about a particular paper, they're more apt to cite it in their own papers．Being oft-cited will increase a scientist's "Impact Factor", a measure of how often papers are cited by peers．Funding agencies use the Impact Factor as a rough measure of theinfluence of scientists they're considering supporting.
Whcther the clamor to appear in these journals has any bearing on their ability to catch fraud is another matter.The fact is that fraud is terrifically hard to spot．Consider the process Science used to evaluate Hwang's 2005article．Science editors recognized the manuscript's import almost as soon as it arrived．As part of the standardprocedure, they sent it to two members of its Board of Reviewing Editors, who recommended that it go out for peerreview (about 30 percent of manuscripts pass this test)．This recommendation was made not on the scientificvalidity of the paper, but on its "novelty, originality, and trendiness," says Denis Duboule, a geneticist at theUniversity of Geneva and a member of Science's Board of Reviewing Editors, in the January 6 issue of Science.
After this, Science sent the paper to three stem-cell experts, who had a week to look it over．Their commentswere favorable．How were they to know that the data was fraudulent? "You look at the data and do not assume it'sfraud," says one reviewer, anonymously, in Science.
In the end, a big scandal now and then isn't likely to do much damage to the big scientific journals．Whateditors and scientists worry about more arc the myriad smaller infractions that occur all the time, and which arcatmost impossible to dctcct．A Nature survey of scientists published last June found that one-third of allrespondents had committed some forms of misconduct．Tbesc included falsifying research data and having"questionable relationships" with students and subjects--both charges "leveled against Hwang．Nobody reallyknows if this kind of fraud is on tbe rise, but it is worrying.
Science editors don't have any plans to change the basic editorial peer-review process as a result of the Hwangscandal．They do have plans to scrutinize photographs more closely in an effort to spot instances of fraud, but thatpolicy change had akcady been decided when the scandal struck．And even if it had been in place, it would nothave revealed that Hwang had misrepresented photographs from two stem cell colonies as coming from 11colonies．With the financial and deadline pressures of the publishing industry, it's unlikely that the journals are going to take markedly stronger measures to vet m_anuscripts．Beyond replicating the experiments themselves,which would be impractical, it's difficult to see what they could do to make science beyond the honor system.
根据以上内容，回答题。
Which of the following can be inferred fi'om the passage?
A．Key scientific journals are authoritative in evaluating scientific papers.
B．Peer-review is the most effective method in evaluating and selecting scientific papers.
C．Scientists are less likely to achieve career success without publications in top papers.
D．Fabricating evidence in scientific researches can be discovered by enough strict evaluation.
参考答案：C进入在线模考
【结构分析】
第一段简单叙述了32岁的贝尔实验室物理学家舍恩涉嫌学术造假的事件。在短短的四年内他撰写了90余篇论文，如此高产令人怀疑，经贝尔实验室调查发现，他曾在《科学》和《自然》杂志上刊登的论文有捏造数据的嫌疑。他作为科学家的生涯被迫结束。
第二段指出舍恩和之前韩国研究员黄禹锡的学术造假事件引发了一个疑问：《自然》和《科学》杂志在决定将哪些科研结果公之于众方面的权力是不是太大了?这些刊物是否能够胜任其守门人的工作?
第三段和第四段指出了科学工作者过于关注《科学》和《自然》杂志的两个原因：他们不但希望通过《科学》和<自然》杂志成为知名人士，而且还希望被其他科学工作者所了解。
第五段和第六段通过黄禹锡的案例指出要发现造假极为困难。
第七段指出，偶尔出现的大丑闻不大可能对这些科技大刊造成多大损害。让编辑和科学工作者更为忧心的是频繁出现的、很难发现的较小的学术造假行为，这些才会给杂志带来灭顶之灾。
最后一段指出，由于出版业有财政和时间限制的双重压力，让各期刊采取更加强有力的措施来审稿是不可能的。除非他们自己重新做一次实验一而这显然是不切实际的——要是科学脱离了诚信制度。他们也无计可施。
【试题解析】
本题考查文章多处细节，需要根据选项一一定位原文进行排除。第二段的倒数第二句话指出，随着要求科学家发表文章的压力日益加大，顶级的期刊在科学家成功的道路上起着非常重要的作用，由此可知，如果没有发表文章，科学家取得事业成功的可能性就会降低，故C正确。第二段中作者指出《科学》杂志主要采取同行评审的方式来审查稿件，但并没说这种方式最有效，故8不对；第五段第二句话提到，学术造假很难被发现，文章最后也提到了这个问题，所以D不对；而选项A原文未提及。
第一段简单叙述了32岁的贝尔实验室物理学家舍恩涉嫌学术造假的事件。在短短的四年内他撰写了90余篇论文，如此高产令人怀疑，经贝尔实验室调查发现，他曾在《科学》和《自然》杂志上刊登的论文有捏造数据的嫌疑。他作为科学家的生涯被迫结束。
第二段指出舍恩和之前韩国研究员黄禹锡的学术造假事件引发了一个疑问：《自然》和《科学》杂志在决定将哪些科研结果公之于众方面的权力是不是太大了?这些刊物是否能够胜任其守门人的工作?
第三段和第四段指出了科学工作者过于关注《科学》和《自然》杂志的两个原因：他们不但希望通过《科学》和<自然》杂志成为知名人士，而且还希望被其他科学工作者所了解。
第五段和第六段通过黄禹锡的案例指出要发现造假极为困难。
第七段指出，偶尔出现的大丑闻不大可能对这些科技大刊造成多大损害。让编辑和科学工作者更为忧心的是频繁出现的、很难发现的较小的学术造假行为，这些才会给杂志带来灭顶之灾。
最后一段指出，由于出版业有财政和时间限制的双重压力，让各期刊采取更加强有力的措施来审稿是不可能的。除非他们自己重新做一次实验一而这显然是不切实际的——要是科学脱离了诚信制度。他们也无计可施。
【试题解析】
本题考查文章多处细节，需要根据选项一一定位原文进行排除。第二段的倒数第二句话指出，随着要求科学家发表文章的压力日益加大，顶级的期刊在科学家成功的道路上起着非常重要的作用，由此可知，如果没有发表文章，科学家取得事业成功的可能性就会降低，故C正确。第二段中作者指出《科学》杂志主要采取同行评审的方式来审查稿件，但并没说这种方式最有效，故8不对；第五段第二句话提到，学术造假很难被发现，文章最后也提到了这个问题，所以D不对；而选项A原文未提及。
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1
Science and Nature are top journals in the word in that__________。
A．they are built on the honor system
B．they are the only world-recognized journals in the scientific circle
C．they cover all the research areas of science
D．they are as popular as public magazines
2
What can be inferred about a scientist's "Impact Factor”？
A．One is more likely to get funding for research with a high Impact Factor.
B．One is more likely to get his or her paper published with a high Impact Factor.
C．One's Impact Factor will be increased once he or she has a paper published in Science.
D．One's Impact Factor will be increased when more people read his or her paper.
3
According to the passage, manuscripts of science are recommended on their__________。
A．novelty, originality, and trendiness
B．scientific validity
C．timeliness
D．readability
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